PASSAGE A
Q11b) The repetition of the word reiterates / emphasises the fact (1m) that everything in the universe revolves (1m).
Q12a) The government banned them out of fear that their religious roots would lead them to revolt against the new secular government.
Q12b) Firstly, it has become a major tourist attraction. (big draw for visitors from abroad - no mark)
Secondly, they have been allowed to perform in other countries / overseas (have also travelled abroad to England, Germany, Belgium, the United States and Tunisia, all under the auspices of the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism - no mark)
PASSAGE B
Q13a) They are "exploded across the world", "overwhelming force", "crashed against the world with such outrage". (Any 2 of the points)
Q13b) They are swing jazz and rock and roll.
Q14) Firstly, in Brazil, rap rivals samba in popularity (1m)
Secondly, in China, teens spray-paint graffiti on the Great Wall. (1m)
Q15) It was about the painful journey of the slaves who survived across the vast oceans.
Q16) As a result of the drastic budget cut in the arts, school children had no access to music (1m). This prompted a creative teenager to think of an alternative way to play music in the neighbourhood (1m).
Q17) It was because the Bronz attracted many musicians of different nationalities living in the neighbouring areas.
Q18) It is the feeling of embarrassment / shame.
Q19) The group's debut recording sold 400,000 records in three months without any advertisements.
Q20) They have violent/ sexually explicit lyrics / lyrics that debase women and gays / glorifying crimes. (Accept any two points)
Q21) They fantasise about succeeding in the hip-hop business and becoming millionaires.
Q22a) defiant: refusing to obey
Q22b) enigma: mystery
Q22c) demise: death
Q22d) affluent: wealthy
Q22e) unabashedly: shamelessly
Q23) Summary (Any 15 points)
The origins of hip-hop music can be traced to ......
1. the slave ships from West Africa that made its way to America centuries ago.
2. They had the roots to the dance, drum and song of West African griots.
3. Their songs were mainly about the painful journey of slaves who survived the voyage across the oceans.
4. Speech-song has been part of black culture for a long time.
5. The verbal duelling, rhyming, self-deprecating tales and stories of blacks outsmarting whites were defensive, empowering strategies used by black Americans.
6. The drastic cut in the funding for public schools in New York City in the mid 1970s
7. deprived the youngsters of music.
8. The teens of the South Bronx and Harlem came up with an alternative way to enjoy music
9. which set the housing project of 3000 people alight with party music.
10. The Bronx became a music magnet for people of different nationalities from the surrounding areas.
11. A master of ceremonies named Lovebug Starski was said to utter the phrase "hip-hop" between breaks to keep time.
12. Jazz musicians and blues greats can easily find the foreshadowing of rap music in the verbal play of their work.
13. Black performers have put spoken political lyrics to music which elevated spoken word to a new level.
14. It was performance art, delivered in step with the anger of a bold and sometimes frightening nationalistic black movement.
15. The group Last Poet's demise coincided with hip-hop's birth in the 1970s.
16. Hip-hop music which was once the purview of black America has gone white and commercial all at once.
17. The music was not only enjoyed by working class whites
18. but also by affluent suburban white teennagers.
19. White teens are attracted to the violent and sexually explicit lyrics,
20. life on the other side of the tracks; its "cool" or illicit factor, which black Americans are always perceived to possess.
21. Hip-hop has evolved from party music to social commentary.
22. But today, most commercial rappers spout violent lyrics that debase women and gays.
23. Most rap songs also function as walking advertisements for luxury items.
